ESTIMATED COSTS OF CONTACT IN MEN’S COLLEGIATE SPORTS By Ray Fair and Christopher Champa

Injury rates in twelve U.S. men’s collegiate sports are examined in this paper. The twelve sports ranked by overall injury rate are wrestling, football, ice hockey, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, tennis, baseball, indoor track, cross country, outdoor track, and swimming. The first six sports will be called “contact” sports, and the next five will be called “non-contact.” Swimming is treated separately because it has many fewer injuries. Injury rates in the contact sports are considerably higher than they are in the non-contact sports and they are on average more severe. Estimates are presented of the injury savings that would result if the contact sports were changed to have injury rates similar to the rates in the non-contact sports. The estimated savings are 49,600 fewer injuries per year and 5,990 fewer injury years per year. The estimated dollar value of these savings is between about 0.5 and 1.5 billion per year. About half of this is from football. Section 7 speculates on how the contact sports might be changed to have their injury rates be similar to those in the non-contact sports. ∗Cowles Foundation, Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8281. e-mail: [email protected]; website: fairmodel.econ.yale.edu. †Undergraduate, Yale University. ‡We are indebted to Jason Galtonde for considerable research assistance. Were it not for his time constraints, Jason would be a coauthor on this paper. We are also indebted to Emily Oster, Sharon Oster, and Jesse Shapiro for helpful comments.